![]() Prowords are one of several structured parts of radio voice procedures, including brevity codes and plain language radio checks.Īccording to the U.S. Coast Guard, US Civil Air Patrol, US Military Auxiliary Radio System, and others. The NATO communications manual ACP-125 contains the most formal and perhaps earliest modern (post- World War II) glossary of prowords, but its definitions have been adopted by many other organizations, including the United Nations Development Programme, the U.S. Prowords are voice versions of the much older procedural signs for Morse code which were first developed in the 1860s for Morse telegraphy, and their meaning is identical. Procedure words (abbreviated to prowords) are words or phrases limited to radio telephone procedure used to facilitate communication by conveying information in a condensed standard verbal format. On July 16, delegates narrowly adopted the mixed representation plan giving states equal votes in the Senate.Structured vocabulary for voice communication Madison and others continued to press their case for proportional representation in the Senate and to oppose a House monopoly on revenue bills, while some small-state delegates were reluctant even to support proportional representation in the House. ![]() The committee reported the original Sherman compromise proposal with the added provision, suggested by Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, that revenue and spending bills would only originate in the House. The Convention appointed a “Grand Committee” to reach a final resolution on the question. When another vote on equal representation in the Senate resulted in a tie on July 2, however, the small shift opened the possibility for compromise. The small-state delegates continued to protest proportional representation in the Senate with increasingly heated language, threatening to unravel the proceedings. The Convention voted down Paterson’s proposal on June 19 and affirmed its commitment to a bicameral legislature on June 21. The centerpiece of Paterson’s plan was a unicameral (one-house) legislature in which each state had a single vote. In response, William Paterson proposed what became known as the New Jersey Plan, presenting it to the Convention on June 15. The smaller States would never agree to the plan on any other principle than an equality of suffrage” in the Senate. Sherman stated that “Everything depended on this. Connecticut’s Roger Sherman, with support from Oliver Ellsworth, also from Connecticut, immediately moved that states have equal suffrage in the Senate. On June 11 the delegates voted to adopt proportional representation in the House of Representatives based on the “whole number of white & other free Citizens,” and “three fifths of all other persons,” meaning enslaved African Americans. “A confederacy,” New Jersey’s William Paterson stated, “supposes sovereignty in the members composing it & sovereignty supposes equality.” ![]() ![]() when the Union was a federal one among sovereign States, it must cease when a national Government should be put into place.”ĭelegates from the smaller states insisted on preserving the equal vote they had enjoyed under the Articles of Confederation. ![]() Madison argued that “whatever reason might have existed for the equality. This proposal also reflected a vision of national government that differed from the government under the Articles of Confederation in which each state had an equal voice. When delegates from small states objected to this idea, delegates from the larger states argued that their states contributed more of the nation’s financial and defensive resources than small states and therefore ought to have a greater say in the central government. The Virginia Plan, drafted by James Madison and introduced to the Convention by Edmund Randolph on May 29, 1787, proposed the creation of a bicameral national legislature, or a legislature consisting of two houses, in which the “rights of suffrage” in both houses would be proportional to the size of the state. Called the “Great Compromise” or the “Connecticut Compromise,” this unique plan for congressional representation resolved the most controversial aspect of the drafting of the Constitution. ĭuring the summer of 1787, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia established equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State. ![]()
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